What does torque effect refer to in aviation?

Torque effect in aviation specifically refers to the tendency of an aircraft to roll in the opposite direction of the engine's rotation. This phenomenon occurs due to Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When an engine rotates in one direction, the airframe experiences a reactionary twist or roll to the side opposite the engine.

This effect is particularly pronounced in single-engine propeller aircraft or in multi-engine aircraft with significant differences in power output. Pilots must compensate for this rolling tendency, especially during takeoff and climb, where engine power is maximized. Understanding torque effect is essential for pilots to maintain control of the aircraft and to perform safe maneuvers during critical flight phases.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately describe torque effect. The upward pitching behavior pertains to the plane's aerodynamic characteristics rather than torque. Wind affects control surfaces but doesn't relate to engine-induced rolling. Weight distribution influences flight stability but isn't a direct factor in the torque effect caused by engine rotation.