Which type of incident would require a pilot to make a PANPAN call?

A PANPAN call is a type of urgency call in aviation that is made when a pilot is facing a situation that requires assistance but does not pose an immediate danger to the aircraft or its occupants. This is distinct from a MAYDAY call, which is used in life-threatening emergencies.

The scenario of a malfunction in navigation equipment without immediate danger fits the criteria for a PANPAN call. In this case, the pilot is not in imminent danger, but the equipment failure could affect the safe operation of the aircraft if not addressed. Making a PANPAN call informs air traffic control and other aircraft in the vicinity of the situation, allowing for the necessary support and adjustments to be made.

Concerns such as an engine failure that poses immediate danger would warrant a more urgent MAYDAY call. The unavailability of a preferred runway and air traffic delays due to weather conditions do not typically require a PANPAN call since they do not directly affect the safety of the flight.